A Guide to Exterior Lighting

A Guide to Exterior Lighting

Safety, security and aesthetics all play an important part in illuminating the outside of your house

by Martha Tuzson Stockton

Evenly spaced driveway lights show the path to the door. 

Fixtures that cast small pools of light are more than adequate to lead a car up a winding driveway to the house.  

Life hasn't been the same since Edison in-vented the light bulb. This handy source of light allows us to work, play and sleep without regard for the daily cycles of the sun. After the sun goes down, we can shine a light when things go bump in the night. With the proper illumination, we can change the exterior of our homes, too. Lighting allows you the rare opportunity to control the views of your house and your garden, to highlight your favorite elements and to create a setting different from the one seen during the daytime.

A few well-placed lights can make patios, gardens and porches more lively, and can show guests a safe, inviting path to your front door. The most successful lighting plans discover critical locations for lighting and combine them with appropriate fixtures, creating patches of slightly brighter light in key locations while providing enough light between them to avoid intense contrast.

Use less light for better visibility when lighting for safety—Quantities of light given off by a light source are called lumens. The light output of lighting fixtures is usually measured in footcandles; 1 footcandle is equal to 1 lumen cast per sq. ft. of surface. The amount of light outside on a typical sunny day can measure between 5,000 footcandles and 10,000 footcandles. In comparison, the average living room has about 30 footcandles of light. But it takes little light to make a big impact in outdoor lighting. For example, a full moon provides 0.2 footcandles of illumination but still gives most of us more than enough light to get around. Our eyes adjust well to the dark, so providing too much light can create a glare that makes it hard to see.

Exterior lighting should provide a gentle transition from darkness outside to brightness inside and vice versa. This is particularly important for older people. As we age, our night vision becomes poorer, and we have more difficulty determining depth.

Typical lighting levels in an exterior residential-lighting plan range from about 0.25 footcandles to 15 footcandles, although most plans won't require much more than 8 footcandles on one particular surface. Most lighting catalogs have charts that list the light output of their fixtures in footcandles. The actual number of footcandles required in any location will vary. If the surrounding area is fairly bright, more light will be required to illuminate a surface or object.

The reflectance of the object—how much light bounces off it and back to your eye—also affects the amount of light needed. A black-asphalt driveway requires more light than a white-concrete one does.

Lights spread out evenly along the driveway are always a good idea to keep guests from driving over the shrubbery. Aim for between 2 footcandles and 5 footcandles per fixture, depending on the brightness of the areas surrounding the driveway and the color of its surface.

Also, changes in direction, levels or ground surfaces along the path from the car or sidewalk to the house should be lighted to guide people to the front door. Ideally, sidewalks and paths should be evenly illuminated from fixtures along the path or overhead. Fixtures that perform best in this capacity cast a broad rather than a concentrated light over the path. Lighting that originates from trees or plantings at the sides of a path is also an option. Keep in mind that visitors will be most comfortable if light is directed toward the ground and not into their eyes.

Stairs are particularly important to consider when you're setting up lighting for safety. Options here include recessed lights installed flush with risers, in the walls on either side of the stair or just beside the tread. Post lights at the bottom of the stairs cast light across the steps and illuminate the transition from stair to walk but can be a potential source of glare because the light is at eye level.

Lighting can create an air of hospitality—

Lighting to ensure physical mobility is important, of course. You don't want neighbours tripping up your front steps or falling into your birdbath. But psychological ease is important as well.

A light over your front door illuminating the steps below shows approaching visitors where to go and welcomes them by directing them the safest way. Some of the options to choose from are shielded wall sconces at eye level; a single wall-mounted fixture above the door; a surface-mounted fixture on the porch ceiling; or down lights recessed in the porch or entry ceiling.

When patios are illuminated, they can become extensions of your house on warm evenings, drawing people outside. Shielded sconces that are mounted to the walls of the house can be used in combination with fixtures trained on nearby trees. Strings of tiny lights in a bush or even candles can light a small informal patio, while two or more different types of fixtures might be necessary to light a larger one.

Consider the different activities that take place on the patio. Conversation areas require only a low level of light, between 2 footcandles and 5 footcandles, but a barbecue area should be

Lighting creates a dramatic showcase for the garden. Trees, shrubs and walkways that are lighted at night can change the character of a garden, inviting strolls. 

Path lights spread an even light over changing terrain. Partially shielded light fixtures illuminate steps and possible obstacles without causing glare, especially important on irregular steps. 

A louvered 12v incandescent fixture illuminates the street address numeral from above.

Recessed into stairs, 12v louvered incandescents light up stair treads for safety.

Twelve-volt shielded path lights throw pools of overlapping light onto walkways.

Opaque glass lantern with warm-colored fluorescent or incandescent lamp adds a wel-coming glow to the entry.

Twelve-volt, 20w halogen direc- tional well lights illuminate the driveway for safety.

A low-key approach to exterior lighting. Exteriorlighting is most effective when paths, entries and landscape features are illuminated with low levels of light. If lights are too bright, the extreme contrast between dark and light makes it harder for your eyes to adjust and decreases your ability to see. Lights should be pointed down or away from viewers whenever possible. The drawing below illustrates some uses of typical fixtures; the choices of fixtures indicated are meant as examples.

Incandescent, metal-halide or mercury-vapor bullet lights can light ornamental trees and splash pathways with dappled light.

Mounted on exterior walls, shielded sconces with warm-col- ored fluorescent lamps graze the walls and light the porch area.

Incandescent down lights hung from the eaves at the edge of the patio shed more light on the barbecue area and graze the brick facade of the house.

Incandescent fixtures recessed into the porch ceiling warm an entry. A simple arrangement of lights illuminates the doorway and eases the transition between outside and in.

Lights and warmer weather can turn a patio into an extra room. Exterior lighting doesn't have to be fancy. These inexpensive Christmas-tree lights give a cozy feel to a small brick patio.

the interior. A dimmer switch on the interior light will help to balance the light between inside and outside.

Lighting the landscape also extends the perceived size of an outdoor space. People tend to feel more comfortable when they can see the things that are around them. Illuminating portions of the garden visible from paths and patios gives people a better idea of their surroundings, and it makes them more at ease. It also gives you the opportunity to show off the best features of your garden.

Trees and bushes with interesting branch patterns, leaf textures or shapes make good lighting subjects. Keep in mind that seasonal changes to foliage will change lighting effects. Different effects can be created by lighting the wall behind a tree, or lighting the branches and the foliage from below, from the side or from the leaves above.

To light a large area, Sarena McComas, a lighting designer with Rowland Design Inc. in Indianapolis, Indiana, positions fixtures in one or more trees high above the lawn. This technique works best in trees with sparse foliage and branches, and lighting from below works better on fuller trees.

She also suggests varying the types of landscaping lighting in the overall design. "If you use more brightly illuminated to make it safe and to allow the chef to see when the chicken's done. Recessed or surface-mounted can lights in the eaves, a light in a nearby tree or a post lantern near the grill will light the cooking area while the rest of the patio is illuminated by lights in surrounding foliage or smaller path lights around the perimeter.

Access to the patio from the interior should be lighted to a level between that of the patio and the room inside to give eyes a chance to adjust. Look for levels between 5 footcandles and 10 footcandles.

Landscape lighting improves the view from inside as well—Picture windows and patio doors reflect the scene inside when darkness falls, prompting many to close the blinds. Windows that offer views of the garden during the day continue to do so at night with the creative illumination of landscape elements. In these cases, the exterior lighting needs to be as bright as all one type of lighting, it's not as dramatic. Treat different areas of your yard differently," she says.

Lighting a house for security and avoiding the Sing-Sing effect—Many people want security lighting for their homes—bright lights that illuminate their property and foil potential burglars. Unfortunately, there's no proof that security lighting actually prevents crime, but lighting certain areas can make homeowners and guests feel more secure by making a residence appear occupied and by illuminating the grounds around the house sufficiently so that prowlers are visible.

Mark Schuyler, a lighting designer in Charlottesville, Virginia, believes that security lights may make it easier for thieves to do their work. When bright security lights became popular in his neighborhood, he and his neighbors noticed a sudden increase of burglaries.

Blasting the driveway or front yard with bright light can make it easier for a trespasser to hide in the dark. Because the bright light creates correspondingly dark shadows, your eyes have to work harder to adjust between the extremes of light; while your eyes are adjusting to the glare, you lose the ability to see in darker areas.

Lower light levels are often the preferable way to provide home security. Lights installed for safety or landscape illumination will provide good low-contrast light for the yard and approaches to the house. If you choose to employ bright lights in key security areas, a motion sensor switch controlling these bright lights will turn on the light only when activated, will save energy and will not spoil the effects of your over all lighting design. Another option is to control these bright lights with interior switches so that you can turn on the lights in emergency situations, during storms to check for fallen branches or if you suspect a prowler is on your property.

120v lighting is rugged; 12v systems are easy to install—There are two types of voltage used for landscape lighting these days, standard 120v household current and the increasingly popular 12v, or low-voltage, system. Although equal in energy use, each system has advantages. Household current is best used for larger permanent lighting applications. Because of the inherent danger of the higher voltage, 120v wiring must routed through conduit and buried in trenches 12 in. to 18 in. deep. Installations are usually handled by a licensed electrician, an additional but necessary expense. Although lower-wattage fixtures are not available for 120v systems, the higher voltage will support larger, higher-wattage fixtures in longer runs of wiring without a drop in voltage. For safety, these circuits should be GFCI-protected.

Low-voltage systems are generally less costly, easier to install and easier to relocate than standard-voltage fixtures. These systems can use incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, depending on the type of fixture used.

Low-voltage systems use a transformer to reduce standard household current, which is then conducted to 12v fixtures. Because the lower voltage is safer, wires can be run on the ground or in a shallow trench. Drops in voltage can be a problem when wiring over distances, so it's best to use low-voltage systems in runs of 150 ft. or less and not to overload the transformer. To make sure that the transformer will supply enough power, just add the total wattages of the fixtures; the transformer rating should be 10% higher than the total sum of fixture wattages.

You can buy either kits or individual components for a 12v lighting setup. Twelve-volt fixture kits are inexpensive and readily available, costing $30 and up at your local home center, and include low-voltage fixtures, wiring and a transformer. A larger transformer that will supply 100w, or eight fixtures of approximately 10w apiece, costs about $100; a 200w model's price goes up to about $160. Fixtures start in price at around $10.

Exterior fixtures must be sturdy and suited to the job—Once you've decided which voltage system to use, you need to choose fixtures. No matter which fixtures you choose, all should be rated for outdoor use and have watertight housings that are made of corrosion-resistant materials such as copper, brass or aluminum. Plastic fixtures are less expensive but may also be less durable, and they may degrade from exposure to heat and sunlight. Cracks in plastic housings can allow water into the fixture.

There are many types of fixtures on the market. Options include type of voltage (12 or 120), aesthetics (decorative or functional), types of attachment (post, wall mounted, hanging, recessed, etc.) and type of bulb used. Most fixtures are designed with a specific purpose in mind. For instance, bullet lights can be used in trees, near shrubs or in other lo- cations where the fixture will be inconspicuous and where you want a fairly bright light. Sconces and wall lanterns are available in a wide variety of decorative styles, but beware of glare; these fixtures are usually mounted at eye level.

Your local home center should offer some fixture choices, but be sure to check lighting suppliers for a more comprehensive selection. Manufacturers' catalogs can be a good source of information. Lighting designers can also help you to choose light fixtures. If you're about to spend a lot of time and money on a lighting installation, it's worth paying their fee to know

you're buying the right fixtures to achieve the effect you want.

Schuyler suggests trying out fixtures before you install them, dragging an extension cord across the lawn and positioning the fixtures as they will be in their final location. "You have to see what you like," he says. "It's hard to predict how lighting will appear before it's installed."

Finishing Basements

Finishing BasementsBY RICK ARNOLD AND MIKE GUERTIN

Despite the obstacles, converting that dark, scary place into comfortable living space is much cheaper than adding on.

Subterranean metamorphosis
Windows and recessed lights brighten a dreary walkout basement. The archway in the foreground softens the edges of a closet built to enclose a water heater.

Until we spent some time in Florida, where slab on-grade and crawlspace foundations are the norm, we didn't realize how good we Northerners have it. The full basements that many of us take for granted a fringe benefit of having to dig deep, frostproof footings give us plenty of room for mechanical systems, storage and extra living space.

Converting a basement into comfortable living space can be a challenge. There are obstacles to wrangle with, building codes to comply with, health and safety concerns to address. And there's moisture.

When we're called in to evaluate a basement, we identify the problems, and we dis- cuss them with the owners before we start wading into the design process. If the basment has any history of flooding or if high levels of radon are present, we call in special- ists. Solutions for both moisture and radon problems must be put in place and be time tested before any basement-finishing project can begin.

Moisture must be actively controlled

There's about 300 gal. of water in the walls and slab of a freshly poured 1,000-sq. ft. concrete basement. During the first year or two, most moisture will move into the house because the dampproof coating and under slab vapor retarder limit drying into the earth.

It's good to wait at least two years before finishing the basement of a new home.

All the basements we finish have adequate systems in place to prevent bulk water intrusion and flooding, but that's no guarantee they'll stay bone dry. Water vapor from the ground can still permeate the walls and floor, despite dampproof coatings. In the summer, hot, humid air seeps into the relatively cool basement through windows and doors. Once the relative humidity reaches 100%, all this

excess moisture is released as condensation. Over time, this moisture can rot framing, deteriorate drywall and promote mold growth, rendering a finished basement too unhealthy and uncomfortable for use.

It's particularly important not to trap moisture vapor within the wall system, where it can do a lot of damage before it's discovered. Research and experience have led us to forgo vapor barriers and to build walls that permit water vapor to pass through both the concrete and the frame wall assembly. This construction allows moisture to dry to the inside or to the outside depending on season, humidity and temperature changes.

Condition basement air to prevent condensation

The best way to keep moisture under control is to ensure that the basement is fully served by the home's HVAC system. Central air conditioning that's properly sized will keep summer humidity under control, as will a high-quality dehumidifier. When we install a dehumidifier, we always put in a direct drain line so that the homeowners won't have to empty the dehumidifier. And we often have to provide additional fans to circulate air fully throughout the basement.

Having dehumidification equipment in place is no guarantee the owners will always use it. For greater peace of mind, we always wrap all cold-water lines with foam insulation. Cold-water lines are the first place that excess moisture will condense, and the last thing we want is a callback for water stains on the finished ceiling from sweating pipes.

Building-code issues are addressed early on

Egress and headroom are the two places where basement-remodeling projects most often run afoul of local building codes. For safety, the code generally requires us to provide two escape routes in an emergency. Code-compliant stairs between the first floor and the basement are one escape route. A second means of egress can be provided by way of bulkhead stairs, a walk-out doorway or possibly a window. If none of these alternatives exists and installing one is impractical, we are permitted to rely on the stairway alone ifwe enclose combustion equipment in a 1-hr. fire-rated room or ifwe install a fire suppression sprinkler system. When the use of the basement is being changed to living area, we also check with the fire marshal to determine smoke-detector layout.

Achieving adequate ceiling heights in a basement also can be a challenge. Until recently, the code in effect in our locality required a 7-ft. 6-in. minimum ceiling height for habitable rooms. Strict accordance with these requirements would have ruled out finishing most of the basements in our area. Fortunately, our state amended the code to allow 7-ft. ceiling heights in habitable finished basement space to be used for "recreation rooms."

That amendment gets us by the short ceiling height, but in most cases, we also have to contend with beams, ductwork, drain pipes and other obstructions that protrude far beneath the ceiling joists. We approach these obstructions in one of three ways. Our first choice is to work them into the design by creating closets and storage areas under them or by framing partition walls under them (photo above). When this option won't work, our second choice is to move the offending hardware. This option can be expen- sive when we have to move an entire ducted heating system or do extensive drain rerout- ing. Our final choice is to frame around the obstructions and box them in, even if they drop below the required ceiling height. Be- fore we follow this route, we clearly draft a plan and photograph the space. Then we set up an appointment with the local building official to explain the situation. When we're up front during the planning phase, we usually secure his blessing.

Wrapping cold-water pipes with foam insulation prevents condensation and the water stains that result.

Making the beam disappear. A powder-actuated fastening tool quickly anchors the top plate of the wall to the steel beam.

A little bit of wiggle room. Steel track eliminates the need to measure and cut each stud individually.

Creative use of framing. Fastening wood studs to steel track enables these workers to erect non-load-bearing partitions quickly. The 2x6 frame wall in the background will completely enclose the girder and Lally columns.

Steel studs work best in basements

Seasonal humidity changes in even the most carefully conditioned basements can wreak havoc with wood framing. For this and other reasons, we prefer to use light-gauge metal studs to enclose foundation walls and to frame interior partitions.

Let the boiler breathe

Most of the homes in our area have natural-draft combustion heating equipment in the basement; these units use the surrounding air to support combustion. Breaking up the basement space into separate rooms or enclosing the appliance in a small mechanical closet can severely reduce the quantity of available air. Starving a heating appliance for air diminishes its efficiency and also increases the potential for back draft, which can pull exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide into the house's living space.

There are several ways to provide makeup air to a heating appliance. But the best and safest way is to duct fresh,

Providing makeup air. When wall framing reduces air

circulation, outside air is ducted to gas-fueled appliances (photo above). A dryer vent hood (with flapper removed) terminates the duct, and a piece of filter material keeps out unwelcome varmints.

outside air directly to the appliance (photos above). We always check with our local code official to calculate the number, size and location of ducts needed for the situation.

Another solution is to replace the old appliance altogether and install induced-draft direct-vent heating equipment. These units have their own fan- assisted fresh-air intake. Not many homeowners want to replace functioning heating equipment, but we discuss the options and safety issues with them. Perhaps it's something to consider when the existing conventional equipment needs replacement.

 Because concrete slabs are never perfectly flat, it's faster to frame walls to the undulations in the basement floor with steel. The U-shape track used for steel plates allows enough play to accommodate studs up to an inch short of the actual height. Even when clients insist on wood framing, we use steel track for top and bottom plates. This option lets us gang-cut studs to the shortest length on a segment of wall. A screw through the sides of the track holds the wood studs in place. If we have to use wood plates, we use pressure-treated lumber on the floor for rot and insect resistance: Steel track gives us these benefits without question (for more on steel framing.

We try to make walls that fall directly beneath beams thick enough to enclose the beam and its Lally-column supports fully. A standard 2x4 wall will enclose the -in. dia. columns if they are perfectly aligned (we pull stringlines along the tops and bottoms of the columns to check alignment). We've been successful notching the back of the drywall to wrap around slightly misaligned columns, but we're forced to erect a 2x6 wall

when columns are severely out ofwhack. When we have to maintain an open floor plan, the Lally columns can be simply paint- ed, enclosed with a wood box or wrapped with nylon rope for a nautical look. When clients want columns eliminated at any expense, we have steel or engineered-lumber

beams sized to span the area.

Dealing with the ceiling

It's rare to find a basement ceiling where we can hang drywall from the joists without moving or shimming something. Ductwork is the most obvious problem, but electrical wires, gas lines and water pipes are often fas- tened to the bottoms of the floor joists. Then there are all the junction boxes, plumbing shutoffs and clean-outs, and duct damper levers, none ofwhich can be covered without

providing a means ofaccess. The easiest solution to these problems is an acoustical ceiling. As long as there is enough headroom to allow for a 3-in. or 4-in. drop in the ceiling height, the suspended support grid can be lowered beneath pipes and wires, and the removable ceiling panels permit access to junction boxes, clean-outs and the like. Acoustical ceilings are also a benefit years later if owners decide they want to up- grade utilities or run a new phone line.

There are many decorative ceiling tiles that greatly enhance the look of the finished

Drop ceiling hides drain pipes. Inside a small basement bathroom, 2x4 ceiling joists conceal overhead drain pipes that could not be relocated or hidden by simply nailing furring strips to the floor joists.

space, but many clients hate the thought of a commercial-looking ceiling in their home and insist on drywall. Rather than moving the offending wires and pipes, we create a flat surface for drywall by furring down the ceiling level with appropriately sized lumber. Whatever object sticks out the farthest below the bottom of the floor joists determines the furring thickness (drawings above): Wiring and 1-in. copper pipe can be furred in with 1x3s; 1-in. gas pipe with 2x3s; and 2-in. PVC with 2x3s toenailed on edge into the joists.

As we attach the furring strips, we high- light clean-outs, shutoffs and junction boxes with bright-colored spray paint so that we don't forget about them. We keep on hand several sizes of plastic access panels (available at most building supplies or home centers) so that we can size the opening to fit the panel. The hole is framed with furring strips to guide a drywall saw when hanging drywall and to provide a base to fasten the rim of the panel.

Unfortunately, not everything on the ceiling can simply be furred over. Smoke detec- tors and sprinkler heads must be lowered to the new ceiling level. Large drain pipes and ductwork must be moved or boxed in. There's nothing wrong with leaving duct work exposed and painting it, but most people want a more finished look for their living space. Boxing in ductwork requires some type of structural framing around the ducts to support drywall. Rather than using 2x framing lumber, we try touse -in. structur- al sheathing supported by simple blocking to minimize the ceiling area lost. We save scraps from framing jobs to box in ductwork. Ducts are commonly 8 in. deep, so any 8-in. or larger scraps can fill a new purpose rather than go to the landfill.

Brighten up the space to disguise where you are

To brighten up these inherently dark places, we maximize natural light and add plenty of artificial light. The best opportunities to boost natural lighting include a walk-out basement with a full-height frame wall on one side or a raised ranch with a frame cripple wall all the way around. These situations allow us to install larger windows or replace solid doors with glass doors.

It's more difficult to boost natural lighting in a subterranean basement, but even small windows formed into many foundations can be framed to emphasize the light they bring to the basement; this is done by splaying out drywall returns that run from the corners of

Store-bought access panels. Because the drain clean-out must remain accessible, •in. furring strips are installed as sup-

port for a plastic access panel that goes on after the drywall.

the window to the face of the wall. To boost natural lighting significantly, larger windows can be cut into the foundation wall and the earth held back by terraced window wells.

Regardless of how much we increase natur- al lighting, we always install more artificial lighting in a basement than we do in above- grade space. We rely on recessed lighting in basements because, literally and figuratively, they don't bring down the ceiling the way surface-mounted fixtures do. Recessed lights can be supplemented with wall-mounted fixtures and floor lamps wired to independent, dimmable switches to give the owners complete control of their lighting needs.

Permeable walls and durable floor coverings finish the job

We prefer to see owners choose a drywall or plaster finish for walls rather than manufactured wood paneling. This preference isn't just aesthetic. As we mentioned earlier, we want moisture vapor to migrate through walls and not become trapped and condense. Gyp- sum wallboard painted with latex paint is semipermeable; vinyl wall coverings and most 4x8 sheets of paneling are impermeable.

We want to allow vapor diffusion through the wall, but we don't want air leaks. Rapidly flowing warm, moist air can reach the sat- uration point quickly as it cools. Reducing air leaks limits the possibility of overwhelm- ing the humidity balance through the wall assembly. So we do our best to make the drywall an air barrier: sealing penetrations around windows, doors, electrical boxes, etc.

Unfortunately, weather—not to mention plumbing—is unpredictable, and there is al- ways the possibility that a basement can flood, even one that has a perfectly dry track

record. Wet wall-to-wall carpet is a drag to dry out, and wood floors never recover from extensive water damage. For these reasons, we urge homeowners to choose moisture- resistant floor coverings. Vinyl, tile, floating laminate floors and even stained exposed concrete are the best choices. Area rugs can be spread over these floors to quiet a room or make it warmer. And if the rugs get wet, they can be sent to the cleaners.

We compared unit costs for some of our re-cent projects. Additions from 500 sq. ft. to 1,500 sq. ft. generally cost between $110 and 1150 per sq. ft. Similarly outfitted basements run between $25 and $40 per sq. ft.

Second thoughts of the basement-finishing 

 I learned that the method I used to frame and insulate the exterior-wall assemblies in the project may be problematic in some situations.

The problem with the walls I framed is that the surface of the concrete wall will be the first cold surface moist air will touch. The potential for condensation here is greatest. By leaving an airspace and using fiberglass insulation, I'm permitting air to come in direct contact with cold concrete.

A better way to insulate the walls, and one recommended by Joe, is to apply polystyrene foamboard insulation directly to the concrete. Around pipes or other obstructions that may be in the way, the insulation can be fitted as well as possible and caulked or spray-foamed for a tight seal. This method prevents moisture-laden air from ever coming in contact with concrete. The dew-point temperature ends up being somewhere within the foam, so the inside face of the foam is warm and not subject to condensation. To finish the wall surface, furring strips can be fastened over the foamboard and into the concrete, or a frame wall could be built.

The other problem with the wall assembly is the steel studs. The steel will tend to be cold and a potential condensing surface because it cannot absorb or release moisture as wood can. It would be okay to use steel studs within the conditioned space of a basement, but not close to uninsulated concrete as illustrated in the article.

Fortunately, the basement I finished in the article was in a house that Rick Arnold and I built. The exterior of the concrete foundation walls is well insulated and drained so that the framing and insulating system I used will not be problematic because the inside face of the concrete is warm. Still, the foamboard solution would eliminate potential condensation problems.

It is important to consider each basement-finishing project individually. Try to discover how the exterior of the foundation walls is treated as well as the underside of the concrete slab. Determine if there is insulation, waterproofing or dampproofing, drainage piping, well drained backfill, etc. Basement-finishing projects don't lend themselves to a one-size-fits-all solution.

—Mike Guertin, East Greenwich, R.I.